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Legend:
 Definition
 Field Listing
 Rank Order
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Background:
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The US took possession of the island in 1857, and its guano deposits were mined by US and British companies during the second half of the 19th century. In 1935, a short-lived attempt at colonization was begun on this island - as well as on nearby Howland Island - but was disrupted by World War II and thereafter abandoned. Presently the island is a National Wildlife Refuge run by the US Department of the Interior; a day beacon is situated near the middle of the west coast.
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Location:
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Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about half way between Hawaii and Australia
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Geographic coordinates:
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0 13 N, 176 31 W
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Map references:
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Oceania
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Area:
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total: 1.4 sq km
land: 1.4 sq km
water: 0 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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about 2.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
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Land boundaries:
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0 km
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Coastline:
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4.8 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
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Climate:
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equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
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Terrain:
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low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 8 m
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Natural resources:
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guano (deposits worked until 1891), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
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Land use:
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arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)
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Irrigated land:
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0 sq km (1998 est.)
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Natural hazards:
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the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
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Environment - current issues:
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no natural fresh water resources
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Geography - note:
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treeless, sparse, and scattered vegetation consisting of grasses, prostrate vines, and low growing shrubs; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife
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Economy - overview:
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no economic activity
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Military - note:
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defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast Guard
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Disputes - international:
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none
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